Labor and Employment Law Overview: Minnesota
Federal law and guidance on this subject should be reviewed together with this section.
Author: Brightmine Editorial Team
Summary
- Minnesota law prohibits an employer from discriminating and retaliating against employees in a variety of protected classes. Employers must also provide pregnancy accommodations, protect whistleblowers and allow employees to access their personnel files and to discuss their wages. See EEO, Diversity and Employee Relations.
- Minnesota permits preemployment background checks and drug and alcohol testing. Minnesota has passed a "ban the box" law and restricts salary history inquiries. See Recruiting and Hiring.
- In Minnesota, there are requirements relating to the minimum wage, overtime, rest and meal breaks, breastfeeding breaks and child labor. See Wage and Hour.
- Minnesota has laws that relate to employee pay and benefits, including health care continuation, payment of wages, pay frequency, pay statements, wage notices and wage deductions. See Pay and Benefits.
- Under Minnesota law, employees are entitled to certain leaves or time off, including pregnancy and parenting leave, paid sick leave, school activities leave, quarantine leave, bone marrow donation leave and domestic abuse leave. See Time Off and Leaves of Absence.
- Minnesota prohibits smoking in the workplace, using a cell phone while driving and weapons in the workplace, but permits weapons in parking lots. See Health and Safety.
- When employment ends, Minnesota employers must comply with applicable final pay requirements. See Organizational Exit.
Introduction to Employment Law in Minnesota
Minnesota has laws that provide greater protections to employees than federal law, including pregnancy accommodation rights, a higher minimum wage, health care continuation coverage obligations for smaller employers and bone marrow donation leave, but generally follows federal law with respect to topics such as occupational safety and consumer reports.
Select Minnesota employment requirements are summarized below to help an employer understand the range of employment laws affecting the employer-employee relationship in the state. An employer must comply with both federal and state law.
An employer must also comply with applicable municipal law obligations affecting the employment relationship, in addition to complying with state and federal requirements.
EEO, Diversity and Employee Relations
Key Minnesota requirements impacting EEO, diversity and employee relations are:
Fair Employment Practices
The Minnesota Human Rights Act (MHRA) prohibits discrimination on the basis of protected characteristics, such as:
- Race;
- Color;
- Creed;
- Religion;
- National origin;
- Sex (including pregnancy, childbirth and related disabilities);
- Marital status;
- Status with regard to public assistance;
- Membership or activity in a local commission;
- Disability;
- Sexual orientation;
- Age (18 and older); and
- Familial status.
The MHRA also protects employees from harassment and retaliation.
The MHRA applies to an employer in Minnesota with one or more employees.
Equal Pay
The Equal Pay for Equal Work Law prohibits an employer from discriminating between employees on the basis of sex by paying unequal wages for equal work on jobs that require equal skill, effort and responsibility and that are performed under similar working conditions. A pay differential may be allowed if such payment is made according to a:
- Seniority system;
- Merit system;
- System that measures earnings by quantity or quality of production; or
- Differential based on any other factor besides sex.
Discussion of Wages
Minnesota prohibits an employer from:
- Requiring nondisclosure by an employee of his or her wages as a condition of employment;
- Requiring an employee to sign a waiver or other document that denies the employee the right to disclose his or her wages; or
- Taking any adverse employment action against an employee for disclosing his or her own wages or discussing another employee's wages that have been disclosed voluntarily.
Pregnancy Accommodation
A Minnesota employer must provide reasonable accommodations to an employee for health conditions related to pregnancy or childbirth, such as:
- A temporary transfer to a less-strenuous or less-hazardous position;
- Temporary leaves of absence;
- Modifications to schedule or assignments;
- Seating;
- More frequent or longer breaks; and
- Limits on lifting.
An employer cannot claim undue hardship to deny accommodations for more frequent or longer restroom, food and water breaks; seating; and limits on lifting over 20 pounds.
Employers must inform employees of these rights. If the employer has an employee handbook, notice of pregnancy accommodation rights must be included there.
Access to Personnel Files
A Minnesota employer with one or more employees must provide an employee with access to their personnel record upon written request. A current employee is entitled to review their personnel record once every six months. A former employee may either request to review their personnel record or obtain a free copy of their personnel file once per year for as long as the record is maintained. An employer must respond to a request within seven working days after receipt of the request if the personnel record is located in the state, or 14 days if the record is located out of state. An employee also has the right to dispute the contents of their personnel record.
Employers must provide new hires with a notice of their rights under the law.
Whistleblower Protections
The Minnesota Whistleblower Act prohibits an employer in Minnesota from retaliating against an employee who, in good faith:
- Reports an actual, suspected or planned violation of federal, state or common law;
- Is asked to participate in a public investigation or hearing; or
- Informs the employer that he or she is refusing to obey an order because he or she reasonably believes it is unlawful.
Be aware that where there is overlap between federal, state and/or local law, complying with the law that offers the greatest rights or benefits to the employee will generally apply.
Additional information on EEO, diversity and employee relations practices in Minnesota can be found in the Minnesota Employee Handbook Table of Contents, Disabilities (ADA): Minnesota, Discrimination: Minnesota, Harassment: Minnesota, Retaliation: Minnesota, HR Management: Minnesota, Employee Discipline: Minnesota, Minnesota Workplace Labor and Employment Law Posters and Does This Law Apply to My Organization in Minnesota? Federal requirements can be found in Disabilities (ADA): Federal, Discrimination: Federal, Harassment: Federal, Retaliation: Federal, HR Management: Federal and Employee Discipline: Federal.
Recruiting and Hiring
Key Minnesota requirements impacting recruiting and hiring are:
Consumer Reports
The Minnesota Access to Consumer Reports Act (MACRA) is similar to the federal Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA). One difference is that Minnesota requires an employer to include an authorization request with its employment application form when an application is used. In addition, the MACRA requires that the authorization form have a checkbox for the individual to check if he or she wants a copy of the background report.
Drug Testing
Minnesota's Drug and Alcohol Testing in the Workplace Act (DATWA) restricts preemployment drug and alcohol testing. Among its provisions, the DATWA requires that, prior to testing, an employer implement a written drug and alcohol testing policy that includes specific information, such as who is subject to testing, the right to refuse to be tested and the consequences of refusing to be tested.
To lawfully test a job applicant, an employer must:
- Make a conditional job offer;
- Require the same test of all similar applicants with conditional offers;
- Confirm a positive test result before withdrawing a conditional job offer; and
- Inform the applicant if a job offer is withdrawn based on a positive test result.
Ban the Box
Minnesota prohibits private employers from asking prospective employees about their criminal histories on a job application. However, an employer may still make criminal history inquiries either during a job interview or after a conditional offer has been made. Limited exemptions apply.
Salary History Inquiry Restrictions
Minnesota employers may not inquire into, consider or require disclosure of an applicant's pay history for the purpose of determining wages, salary, earnings, benefits or other compensation for that applicant. Exceptions apply if the applicant's salary history is a matter of public record under federal or state law. If an applicant discloses their pay history voluntarily and without prompting, the employer may consider that information to support a wage or salary higher than its initial offer.
Be aware that where there is overlap between federal, state and/or local law, complying with the law that offers the greatest rights or benefits to the employee will generally apply.
Additional information on recruiting and hiring practices in Minnesota can be found in Preemployment Screening and Testing: Minnesota, Interviewing and Selecting Job Candidates: Minnesota and Does This Law Apply to My Organization in Minnesota? Federal requirements can be found in Preemployment Screening and Testing: Federal and Interviewing and Selecting Job Candidates: Federal.
Wage and Hour
Key Minnesota requirements impacting wages and hours are:
Minimum Wage
The State of Minnesota has two minimum wage rates depending on the size of the employer:
- Large employers, currently defined as those covered by the Minnesota Fair Labor Standards Act and having an annual gross volume of sales made or business done of at least $500,000, must pay a minimum wage rate of $10.85 per hour; and
- Small employers must pay a minimum wage rate of $8.85 per hour.
A training wage of $8.85 per hour may be paid to employees under 18 years of age and during the first 90 days of employment to employees under 20 years of age.
Overtime
A Minnesota employer must pay overtime for all hours worked in excess of 48 hours per week. Several types of employees are exempt from Minnesota's overtime requirements, including, but not limited to, certain:
- Unionized employees;
- Retail or service employees paid on a commission basis;
- Salespersons, parts persons or mechanics employed by a motor vehicle dealership;
- Airline employees;
- Companionship service providers who stay overnight in the home of an aged or infirm individual; and
- Workers who are not considered employees.
Meal and Rest Breaks
Employees who work eight hours or more must have sufficient time to eat a meal (usually 30 minutes or more). Additionally, employees must be allowed adequate time to use the nearest restroom once every four consecutive hours worked.
Breastfeeding Breaks
An employer must provide reasonable unpaid break time each day to an employee who needs to express breast milk for her infant child and may not reduce an employee's compensation for the time used to express milk. The break time may run concurrently with any break time already provided to the employee. An employer also must make reasonable efforts to provide nursing mothers and lactating employees a room or other location where they can express milk in privacy that:
- Is clean, private and secure;
- Is not a bathroom or toilet stall;
- Is shielded from view and free from intrusion from coworkers and the public; and
- Includes access to an electrical outlet.
Employers are prohibited from discharging, disciplining, penalizing, interfering with, threatening, restraining, coercing or otherwise retaliating or discriminating against employees for asserting their rights to breastfeeding breaks or other pregnancy accommodations.
Employers must inform employees in English and in their primary language (as identified by the employee) about their breastfeeding breaks rights and other rights under the pregnancy accommodation law:
- At the time of hire; and
- When an employee inquires about or requests parental leave.
This notice also must be included in any employee handbooks.
Child Labor
Child labor laws in Minnesota restrict the occupations in which minors may be employed and the number of hours and times during which they may work.
All minors are prohibited from working in hazardous occupations, and minors under the age of 16 are prohibited from working in a variety of other occupations such as those involving the operation of machinery, work in processing plants and transportation. Minors may work in prohibited occupations under certain circumstances, such as working for a parent-owned company or being trained in an approved apprenticeship program.
Minors who are 16 or 17 years old and a high school student are not permitted to work:
- After 11:00 p.m. (11:30 p.m. with written permission from a parent or guardian) on an evening before a school day; and
- Before 5:00 a.m. (4:30 a.m. with written permission from a parent or guardian) on a school day.
Minors under the age of 16 are not permitted to work:
- Before 7:00 a.m.;
- After 9:00 p.m.;
- More than 40 hours per week;
- More than eight hours in any 24-hour period; and
During school hours on school days without an employment certificate issued by the appropriate school district.
Be aware that where there is overlap between federal, state and/or local law, complying with the law that offers the greatest rights or benefits to the employee will generally apply.
Additional information on wage and hour practices in Minnesota can be found in the Minnesota Employee Handbook Table of Contents, Minimum Wage: Minnesota, Overtime: Minnesota, Hours Worked: Minnesota, Child Labor: Minnesota, Minnesota Workplace Labor and Employment Law Posters and Does This Law Apply to My Organization in Minnesota? Federal requirements can be found in Minimum Wage: Federal, Overtime: Federal, Hours Worked: Federal and Child Labor: Federal.
Pay and Benefits
Key Minnesota requirements impacting pay and benefits are:
Health Care Continuation
In Minnesota, employees working for employers with two or more employees may qualify for continued health insurance coverage. Minnesota health care continuation requirements follow the federal Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (COBRA) with regard to the qualifying events that create eligibility for continuation coverage.
Under certain circumstances, the maximum length of continuation coverage in Minnesota is longer than under COBRA.
Payment of Wages
A Minnesota employer may pay wages in cash, or with checks that are convertible into cash at full face value. Nonnegotiable instruments are not permitted.
An employer may also pay wages by direct deposit or electronic paycards as long as certain conditions are satisfied.
Pay Frequency
Most Minnesota employers must pay employees all wages earned at least once every 31 days on a regular payday designated in advance, regardless of whether an employee requests payment at longer intervals. Wages are earned on the day an employee performs the work. The term wages includes salary, earnings and gratuities, and all commissions earned at least once every three months.
Unless paid earlier, wages earned during the first half of an employee's first 31-day period are due on the first regular payday following the first day of work.
Exceptions apply for employers of individuals working on projects of a transitory nature, public service corporations and migrant workers.
Pay Statements
At the end of each pay period, an employer must provide each employee with a written or electronic pay statement that includes the following information:
- Employee's name;
- The rate(s) of pay and the basis for the rates, including whether the employee is paid by the hour, shift, day, week, salary, piece, commission or other method;
- Allowances, if any, claimed for permitted meals and lodging;
- Total number of hours worked, unless the employee is exempt from the minimum wage;
- Gross pay earned during the pay period;
- Deductions made from the employee's pay;
- Net pay after all deductions are made;
- Date the pay period ends;
- Employer's legal name and operating name, if different;
- The physical address of the employer's main office or principal place of business and a mailing address if different; and
- The employer's telephone number.
Wage Notices
At the start of employment, an employer must provide each employee with a written wage notice, in English or the language requested by an employee, containing specific information. An employer must also notify an employee in writing of any changes to the information contained in a wage notice before the date the changes take effect.
Wage Deductions
A Minnesota employer may make deductions from employees' wages that are required by federal or state law or that are expressly authorized in writing by the employee for the purpose of paying specific items, such as union dues or group accident and health insurance.
An employer may also make deductions for uniforms, equipment and other items necessary for employment, as long as the employee's wage rate does not fall below the minimum wage in effect.
Be aware that where there is overlap between federal, state and/or local law, complying with the law that offers the greatest rights or benefits to the employee will generally apply.
Additional information on pay and benefits practices in Minnesota can be found in Health Care Continuation (COBRA): Minnesota, Payment of Wages: Minnesota and Does This Law Apply to My Organization in Minnesota? Federal requirements can be found in Health Care Continuation (COBRA): Federal and Payment of Wages: Federal.
Time Off and Leaves of Absence
Key Minnesota requirements impacting time off and leaves of absence are:
Family and Medical Leave
Under Minnesota's Pregnancy and Parenting Leave Act, an employer with one or more employees must provide eligible employees with up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave for:
- The birth or adoption of a child;
- Prenatal care; and
- Incapacity due to pregnancy, childbirth or related health conditions.
Paid Sick Leave
Under Minnesota's Earned Sick and Safe Time law, an employer with one or more employees must provide eligible employees with paid sick and safe leave for reasons related to:
- Illness, injury or health condition;
- Domestic abuse, sexual assault or stalking;
- Inclement weather or public emergency;
- Communicable disease; or
- Attending a family member's funeral or making arrangements following their death.
Other Time Off Requirements Affecting Minnesota Employers
In addition to the Pregnancy and Parenting Leave Act and Earned Sick and Safe Time law, a Minnesota employer is also required to comply with other leave and time off laws, such as:
- School activities leave;
- Quarantine leave;
- Bone marrow donor leave (covering employers with 20 or more employees at one site);
- Voting leave;
- Election official leave;
- Legislative leave;
- Jury duty leave;
- Crime victim and witness duty leave;
- Domestic violence leave;
- Military leave;
- Civil Air Patrol leave (covering employers with 20 or more employees at one site); and
- Family military leave.
Be aware that where there is overlap between federal, state and/or local law, complying with the law that offers the greatest rights or benefits to the employee will generally apply.
Additional information on time off and leave of absence practices in Minnesota can be found in the Minnesota Employee Handbook Table of Contents, FMLA: Minnesota, Paid Sick Leave: Minnesota, Other Leaves: Minnesota, USERRA: Minnesota, Jury Duty: Minnesota and Does This Law Apply to My Organization in Minnesota? Federal requirements can be found in FMLA: Federal, Paid Sick Leave: Federal, Other Leaves: Federal, USERRA: Federal and Jury Duty: Federal.
Health and Safety
Key Minnesota requirements impacting health and safety are:
Smoke-Free Workplace
The Minnesota Clean Indoor Air Act bans smoking in all places of employment. "No Smoking" signs should be posted, and all smoking paraphernalia, such as ashtrays, should be removed. The law does not require an employer to create designated smoking areas or provide other accommodations for smokers.
Weapons in the Workplace
An employer may prohibit the possession of guns and weapons by employees while performing regular job duties. However, an employer may not prohibit the lawful carry or possession of a firearm in a parking facility or parking area.
Safe Driving Practices
Minnesota law prohibits drivers from operating a motor vehicle while using a handheld wireless communications device to initiate, compose, retrieve, read or send electronic messages; engage in a cell phone call; or access certain stored content on the device.
These restrictions do not apply if the person is using the device in a voice-activated or hands-free mode to initiate or participate in a cell phone call or initiate, compose, send or listen to an electronic message.
Be aware that where there is overlap between federal, state and/or local law, complying with the law that offers the greatest rights or benefits to the employee will generally apply.
Additional information on health and safety practices in Minnesota can be found in the Minnesota Employee Handbook Table of Contents, HR and Workplace Safety: Minnesota, Drugs, Alcohol and Smoking: Minnesota, Workplace Security: Minnesota, Minnesota Workplace Labor and Employment Law Posters and Does This Law Apply to My Organization in Minnesota? Federal requirements can be found in HR and Workplace Safety (OSHA Compliance): Federal, Drugs, Alcohol and Smoking: Federal and Workplace Security: Federal.
Organizational Exit
For an involuntarily terminated employee, wages are due within 24 hours of the employee's demand for payment. An employee who voluntarily resigns must be paid by the next regularly scheduled payday, as long as the payday is within 20 days of the last day worked. Exceptions apply.
Be aware that where there is overlap between federal, state and/or local law, complying with the law that offers the greatest rights or benefits to the employee will generally apply.
Additional information on organizational exit practices in Minnesota can be found in Payment of Wages: Minnesota and Does This Law Apply to My Organization in Minnesota? Federal requirements can be found in Payment of Wages: Federal.