Supreme Court Levels Playing Field for Discrimination Claims
Author: Emily Scace, Brightmine Senior Legal Editor
The Supreme Court has unanimously ruled that the bar to prove workplace discrimination cannot be any higher for members of a majority group than it is for minority group plaintiffs.
The Case
Ames v. Ohio Department of Youth Services centered around a heterosexual woman who was passed over for a promotion in favor of a lesbian woman, then demoted to have a gay man assume her former role. She sued her employer, the Ohio Department of Youth Services, alleging discrimination based on sexual orientation under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act.
Both the federal district court that heard the case and the 6th Circuit Court of Appeals decided in favor of the employer, relying on a rule in the 6th Circuit that required members of majority groups to show "background circumstances to support the suspicion that the defendant is that unusual employer who discriminates against the majority."
The Decision
The Supreme Court reversed, resolving a circuit split and rejecting the 6th Circuit's "background circumstances" rule as inconsistent with the text of Title VII.
Title VII's anti-discrimination protections focus on individuals, not groups, the Court reasoned.
"By establishing the same protections for every individual - without regard to that individual's membership in a minority or majority group - Congress left no room for courts to impose special requirements on majority-group plaintiffs alone," wrote Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson in the opinion. "The standard for proving disparate treatment under Title VII does not vary based on whether the plaintiff is a member of a majority group."
In other words, Title VII's protections against discrimination on the basis of a protected characteristic apply equally to all. For employers, the decision highlights the importance of ensuring that all employment decisions are based on objective, job-related reasoning rather than group identities.
The decision does not necessarily mean that the plaintiff will ultimately prevail in her claim. Rather, the case is remanded for the lower court to reevaluate the evidence in accordance with the Supreme Court's holding.
The Employment Law Impact
The Supreme Court's decision affects any employer covered by Title VII - that is, any private employer with 15 or more employees, as well as certain public employers.
What does this decision mean for businesses' hiring, promoting and firing processes??
The decision is about how much evidence is needed to support a claim of discrimination; it doesn't alter Title VII's basic anti-discrimination protections. Organizations that have been following the law all along should not need to change their practices. Ames v. Ohio Department of Youth Services simply reaffirms that discrimination is discrimination, regardless of the particular characteristics of the person making the claim. That was the law before this decision, and it continues to be the law. It is just as illegal to discriminate against a man or a heterosexual person as it is to discriminate against a woman or a member of the LGBTQ community. Employers should ensure that all employment decisions are based on objective, job-related reasons rather than group characteristics, but that is nothing new.
What does the ruling mean for future discrimination claims?
Under the letter of the law, little should change. The Supreme Court simply affirmed that the evidentiary bar to prove workplace discrimination is no higher for majority group members than it is for minority group plaintiffs. However, in practice, the decision might add fuel to efforts and rhetoric seeking to roll back diversity, equity and inclusion (DEI) initiatives. More majority group plaintiffs also might bring discrimination claims. However, keep in mind that those plaintiffs will still have to prove their cases with evidence that they experienced some harm that affected their employment, and that the harm was based on a protected characteristic.
How should companies respond?
By and large, employers with solid anti-discrimination policies and practices that affirm a commitment to equal opportunity for all should not need to change course. However, it would be wise to review those policies and ensure that they are even-handed as written and applied. Managers, supervisors and anyone with authority over hiring, promotion, pay, discipline or other significant employment decisions should understand that all discrimination on the basis of a protected characteristic is illegal and against company policy. Further, employers should have procedures in place to receive and respond to concerns and complaints.
Does the decision affect programs aimed at protecting groups or ensuring diversity?
The decision in Ames v. Ohio Dept. of Youth Services does not directly address this issue. However, the EEOC has recently taken the position that certain types of DEI programming can violate Title VII if it denies a benefit or makes an employment decision based on a protected characteristic. Employers should review their DEI offerings to ensure that they are inclusive and do not limit opportunities (for example, training, mentorship or leadership development) to certain groups. Employee resource groups (ERGs) can focus on issues of interest to certain groups, but they should not exclude others from their membership.